PREPARE

PREPARE checklist Comparison with ARRIVE Endorsements Film 1-Literature searches 2-Legal issues 3-Ethical issues, harm-benefit assessment and humane endpoints

Construct a lay summary.

In dialogue with ethics committees, consider whether statements about this type of research have already been produced.

Address the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) and the 3Ss (Good Science, Good Sense, Good Sensibilities).

Consider pre-registration and the publication of negative results.

Perform a Harm-Benefit Assessment and justify any likely animal harm.

Discuss the learning objectives, if the animal use is for educational or training purposes.

Allocate a severity classification to the project.

Define objective, easily measurable and unequivocal humane endpoints.

Discuss the justification, if any, for death as an end-point.

4-Experimental design and statistical analysis 5-Objectives and timescale, funding and division of labour 6-Facility evaluation 7-Education and training 8-Health risks, waste disposal and decontamination 9-Test substances and procedures 10-Experimental animals 11-Quarantine and health monitoring 12-Housing and husbandry 13-Experimental procedures 14-Humane killing, release, re-use or re-homing 15-Necropsy

3-Ethical issues, harm-benefit assessment and humane endpoints

Each research project has its own set of ethical challenges, but the following general questions should be raised for all projects:

Have national or local research ethics committees already produced statements relevant to the research being planned?
Have the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) been addressed, and will any advances in this area be mentioned in publications of the study (remembering that many databases only index the title and abstract of papers)? Which non-animal alternatives have been considered but rejected?
Have the Three S's (Good Science, Good Sense and Good Sensibilities) been addressed?
Does the proposed study have a clear rationale and scientific relevance, and what will be the next step if the hypothesis is supported or rejected?
Have the experiments been carried out before, and is any repetition justifiable?
What approaches to reduce distress have been considered?

‘Choosing the right animal for the right reason’ (Harry Rowsell).
The large increase in use of genetically altered lines has created increasing concern about the suitability of these animals as models of human conditions. This, and the high level of attrition in animal research, is discussed in a paper by Joseph Garner (2014): The Significance of Meaning: Why Do Over 90% of Behavioral Neuroscience Results Fail to Translate to Humans, and What Can We Do to Fix It?

Ethics are also discussed in a separate section of this website.

In dialogue with ethics committees, consider whether statements about this type of research have already been produced.

General principles

For fish researchers

Regulatory authorities and others may well already have produced position statements on controversial forms of animal study, which help both them and potential applicants to reach a decision. These statements will also help to ensure that studies with the potential for similar levels of harm are treated equally.

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3-Ethical issues, harm-benefit assessment and humane endpoints

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