By "alternatives" to the use of animals in research, Norecopa endorses the internationally accepted tenet of The Three R's (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement), developed by Russell and Burch in the UK in the 1950s. There are separate pages with resources for each of these three Rs:


The Three S's of Carol Newton are a good adjunct to the three R's.

The PREPARE guidelines and their associated webpages give comprehensive guidance on how to plan animal experiments in the spirit of these principles.

In this section there are separate pages with more information on:


Other links

This page was updated on 05 July 2023

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