By "alternatives" to the use of animals in research, Norecopa endorses the internationally accepted tenet of The Three R's (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement), developed by Russell and Burch in the UK in the 1950s. There are separate pages with resources for each of these three Rs:


Here is a global map of 3R centres.

The Three S's of Carol Newton are a good adjunct to the three R's.

The PREPARE guidelines and their associated webpages give comprehensive guidance on how to plan animal experiments in the spirit of these principles.

In this section there are separate pages with more information on:


EU Directive 2010/63, which Norway has transposed, is part of efforts to achieve 'the final goal of full replacement of procedures on live animals for scientific and educational purposes as soon as it is scientifically possible to do so'. To that end, it 'seeks to facilitate and promote the advancement of alternative approaches. It also seeks to ensure a high level of protection for animals that still need to be used in procedures' (Recital 10).

The UK organisation RSPCA has made a list of 10 things that need to happen if research animals are to be phased out. These are illustrated in their infographic:

Other links

This page was updated on 28 February 2024

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